Understanding the hierarchy of Swedish agricultural occupations... help!
I am currently trying to formulate a Swedish occupational classification system for myself in order to measure the impact immigration had on families. I'm struggling a little with all of the various Swedish words for various tenant farmers. Can someone recommend a source or share some insight with me? At the moment I have put together the following list with my understanding of the word:
1. Landbonde tenant farmer (renting whole farm)
2. Åbo tenant farmer (conditional inheritable lease)
3. Arrendator tenant farmer / lease holder
4. Brukare tenant farmer
5. Bonde tenant farmer (owns home but not land)
6. Husmannen tenant farmer (owns home but not land)
7. Hemmansagre tenant farmer (owns home but not land)
8. Torpare tenant farmer / crofter (rents part of a farm)
9. Arbetskarler Laborer
10. Drang Farm Laborer
11. Piga Maid
Also - would a piga be used to describe a maid in an urban area or is this more typically a word to describe a young woman in a rural area?
One last question - what is the difference between a sailor and a boatsman?
TIA!!!
Answers
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Something new
1. Landbonde tenant farmer (renting whole farm)
2. Åbo tenant farmer (conditional inheritable lease)
3. Arrendator tenant farmer / lease holder (towards end of 19th century)
4. Brukare tenant farmer, farmer that has leased the land
5. Bonde farmer (owns home and land)
6. Husmannen lodger, person living in other people's home either for rent, for work or paid by social welfare
7. Hemmansagre houseowner (owns home and land)
självägande jordbrukare på (mindre) landtegendom
8. Torpare tenant farmer / crofter (rents part of a farm)
9. Arbetskarler Laborer, worker
10. Dräng Farm-hand, hired man
11. Piga Maid-servant (most cases), in some areas and more likely early days, like 1600's and 1700's could also mean just unmarried young woman
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Båtsman = boatman, boatswain, seaman (military)
Sjöman = seaman, sailor (trade, merchant)
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I think this book listed and described the various levels of farmers. I don't have a copy of the book but it is on "print on demand" but I haven't received it yet.... Lindberg, John S. Background of Swedish Emigration to the U. S.: Economic and Sociological Study in the Dynamics of Emigration. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis, 1930.
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Perfect! THANK YOU!
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Also, the root of Brukare is Bruka which is to use. So a person could be using part of a farm that is owned or leased by someone else. For example, an Arrendator who can't keep up with the whole farm might find someone who was willing to work part of it, without ownership or a lease to that part. Torpare can have a different meaning depending on the location in the country. In the south, and middle, the torpare rented the land from an estate. In the north, where there were no manorial estates, many torpare owned their land. A good article on Torp and Torpare is by Hans Högman at: http://www.hhogman.se/land_ownership_eng.htm#Croft. There is a good article on Landbo in the Swedish wikipedia, see: https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landbo.
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